This experiment involves designing a circuit for a specified load, selecting components and instruments with a focus on safety, or studying electrical symbols and standards used in engineering.
1. Analyze the load requirements.
2. Select appropriate components and instruments for safe operation.
3. Identify and review symbols used in the circuit diagram.
- Ensure all components meet safety standards.
- Familiarize yourself with standard symbols and current regulations.
This experiment explores the applications of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) for measuring voltage, frequency, and phase shifts in electrical signals.
1. Connect the CRO to the circuit under study.
2. Measure voltage, frequency, and phase for various signals.
3. Analyze the waveform displayed on the CRO screen.
- Ensure proper grounding of the CRO.
- Calibrate the CRO for accurate readings.
This experiment verifies Thevenin’s, Norton’s, Superposition, Reciprocity, and Maximum Power Transfer theorems.
1. Set up circuits for each theorem.
2. Measure voltages and currents to verify each theorem.
3. Compare results with theoretical predictions.
- Ensure proper circuit setup to avoid errors.
- Verify component values before starting each verification.
This experiment uses the Newton-Raphson method, a numerical technique for finding roots of nonlinear equations.
1. Define the function f(x) and its derivative f’(x).
2. Choose an initial guess for the root.
3. Iterate using the formula x = x - f(x)/f’(x) until convergence.
- Ensure derivative function is correct for accurate convergence.
- Choose an initial guess close to the expected root.
This experiment measures the power and power factor in a single-phase A.C circuit using the three-ammeter or three-voltmeter method.
1. Connect the ammeters/voltmeters in the circuit.
2. Record current and voltage readings.
3. Calculate power and power factor.
- Properly configure the ammeters and voltmeters for safety.
- Ensure all connections are secure before powering the circuit.
This experiment uses the two-wattmeter method to measure power and power factor in a balanced three-phase circuit.
1. Connect two wattmeters in the circuit.
2. Record power readings from both wattmeters.
3. Calculate total power and power factor.
- Ensure balanced load for accurate readings.
- Follow all safety guidelines when working with three-phase power.
This experiment studies resonance in R-L-C circuits, both in series and parallel configurations, to observe frequency response.
1. Construct the R-L-C circuit (series or parallel).
2. Adjust frequency to find resonance.
3. Observe impedance and voltage changes at resonance frequency.
- Use variable frequency source to pinpoint resonance accurately.
- Take safety precautions when adjusting circuit components.
This experiment involves conducting open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a single-phase transformer to determine its equivalent circuit parameters.
1. Set up the transformer for the open-circuit test and record measurements.
2. Set up the transformer for the short-circuit test and record measurements.
3. Calculate equivalent circuit parameters using test data.
- Ensure transformer is de-energized before changing setups.
- Follow standard safety precautions when handling transformers.
This experiment demonstrates the starting, reversing, and speed control techniques for a DC shunt motor.
1. Connect the DC shunt motor to the power supply.
2. Start the motor, adjust speed, and reverse the direction as instructed.
3. Observe motor behavior at different speeds and directions.
- Ensure proper load settings before starting the motor.
- Follow safety guidelines when working with rotating machinery.
This experiment explores the operation of a three-phase induction motor, focusing on starting, reversing, and speed control techniques.
1. Connect the induction motor to the three-phase power supply.
2. Start the motor, adjust speed, and reverse direction as instructed.
3. Observe motor behavior at various speeds and directions.
- Ensure safe setup and check connections before starting.
- Follow precautions for working with high-power machines.
This experiment provides an overview of various types of storage batteries and their respective charging systems.
1. Study the characteristics of different types of batteries.
2. Analyze the charging systems suitable for each battery type.
3. Record and compare charging rates and efficiencies.
- Ensure batteries are handled with care to avoid leaks or explosions.
- Follow proper disposal protocols for depleted batteries.
This experiment covers different earthing methods and introduces the functioning of earth leakage circuit breakers (GFCI).
1. Study various earthing techniques and their applications.
2. Explore the operation and purpose of a GFCI.
3. Test the GFCI functionality with a sample setup.
- Use insulated tools when working with electrical systems.
- Ensure earthing systems meet safety standards and regulations.