This experiment uses Newton’s Rings to measure the wavelength of sodium light by analyzing the interference pattern formed between a convex lens and flat glass surface.
1. Set up the lens and glass plate apparatus.
2. Use a microscope to observe and measure the ring diameters.
3. Calculate the wavelength based on the ring spacing.
- Ensure proper alignment of the lens and glass plate.
- Accurate measurements of ring diameters are essential.
This experiment measures the wavelength of sodium light using Fresnel's biprism to create an interference pattern from a single light source.
1. Align the biprism with a monochromatic light source.
2. Record the positions of interference fringes on the screen.
3. Calculate wavelength using fringe spacing and setup parameters.
- Maintain stable light source intensity.
- Adjust biprism position for clear fringe visibility.
This experiment involves using a diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of sodium light by measuring the angles of diffraction for various orders.
1. Align the grating with the sodium light source.
2. Measure diffraction angles using a spectrometer.
3. Calculate wavelength using grating equation.
- Ensure the grating is properly aligned with the light source.
- Measure angles carefully for accurate calculations.
This experiment determines the refractive index of a prism by measuring the angle of minimum deviation using a spectrometer.
1. Place the prism on the spectrometer table.
2. Rotate the spectrometer to find the minimum deviation angle.
3. Calculate refractive index using prism and deviation angles.
- Handle prism carefully to avoid surface damage.
- Ensure accurate alignment of the spectrometer.
This experiment measures the dispersive power of a prism by analyzing the angular separation of spectral lines from a mercury source.
1. Place the prism on the spectrometer table.
2. Observe the spectrum of the mercury source.
3. Calculate dispersive power based on angular separation.
- Ensure prism stability to prevent shifts in spectrum.
- Focus on clearly separated spectral lines for accuracy.
This experiment involves using a half shade polarimeter to measure the specific rotation of cane sugar solution, which helps in determining the concentration of the solution.
1. Prepare the cane sugar solution and place it in the polarimeter tube.
2. Observe the rotation of the plane of polarized light.
3. Calculate specific rotation based on observed angle and concentration.
- Ensure proper calibration of the polarimeter.
- Use accurate measurements of solution concentration for reliable results.
This experiment uses a transmission diffraction grating to determine the wavelength of a He-Ne laser, based on the diffraction angles of laser light.
1. Align the He-Ne laser with the diffraction grating.
2. Measure diffraction angles for different orders.
3. Use the grating equation to calculate wavelength.
- Ensure laser alignment for clear diffraction patterns.
- Avoid direct eye exposure to laser light.
This experiment measures the numerical aperture (NA) of an optical fiber, which describes its light-gathering capability and efficiency in optical communications.
1. Connect the optical fiber to a light source.
2. Measure the output beam divergence angle.
3. Calculate the NA based on the measured angle.
- Handle optical fibers carefully to prevent damage.
- Ensure accurate angle measurement for reliable NA calculation.
This experiment plots the relationship between the knife-edge distance from the center of gravity and the time period of oscillation for a bar pendulum. The graph helps to determine the acceleration due to gravity and moment of inertia.
1. Set up the bar pendulum and measure oscillation time for different knife-edge distances.
2. Plot the distance vs time period graph.
3. Use the graph to calculate gravitational acceleration, radius of gyration, and moment of inertia.
- Securely position the pendulum to ensure consistent oscillations.
- Measure distances and time periods accurately for reliable results.
This experiment uses an ultrasonic spectrometer to measure the velocity of ultrasound waves in a liquid, providing insights into the medium's properties.
1. Place the liquid sample in the spectrometer.
2. Measure wave frequency and wavelength in the liquid.
3. Calculate wave velocity based on measurements.
- Avoid air bubbles in the liquid sample for accurate readings.
- Calibrate spectrometer to ensure reliable results.
This experiment verifies the inverse square law for light intensity by measuring the intensity at various distances from the source.
1. Set up the light source and intensity meter.
2. Measure intensity at different distances from the source.
3. Plot intensity vs distance and verify the inverse square relationship.
- Minimize ambient light interference.
- Position intensity meter accurately for each distance measurement.
This experiment determines Planck’s constant by analyzing the photoelectric effect and calculating the relationship between frequency and energy.
1. Set up a photoelectric cell with a light source.
2. Measure photoelectric current at different light frequencies.
3. Calculate Planck's constant using the frequency and stopping potential.
- Ensure stable light source.
- Record stopping potential accurately for reliable calculations.